14 sound libraries Asbjoern Andersen


This week on A Sound Effect, we have new libraries that will bring the action to your game or production!

You can hear several new entries to the 'Master Guns' series, with sounds of a Benelli M4, SVD Tiger Dragunov, AKS 74U, and "The Fix", but be sure to check out all the other new entries that you can mix and match for your own bundles!

You can also check out sounds of weapons from the early days of combat, such as trebuchets, swords, archery, and even some good old hand-to-hand combat.

Plus, for something new, check out sounds of quiet streets, antique clocks, badminton games, and '66 Eisenach Wartburg, EMF sounds, and surgical instruments!

Happy listening!


Please share:
Animal Hyperrealism IV Is Here!
Quiet Streets 2

'Quiet Streets 2' by Articulated Sounds was recorded in 20 countries over 5 years. The sounds are low-profile and never intrusive, and they can be used to create a variety of moods, such as quietude, post-apocalyptic, romanticism, mystery, and calmness. The sounds are in stereo and can be easily layered and spatialized in a surround space.
 
  • City Life Sound Effects Quiet Streets 2 Play Track 62+ sounds included, 275 mins total $95

    We present here the latest installment in our ongoing effort to curate unique ambiences tailored to urban and suburban scenes in movies and video games.

    Subtle & Flavorful

    This collection of ambiences is intended to set the mood against the backdrop of any city scenario and act as a subtle accompaniment to dialogue lines.

    Unlike the previous volume, the sounds in this library were recorded worldwide over a period of 5 years.
    We have taken great care in selecting and editing them to ensure they carry evocative and rich ‘airtones’.
    In fact, they go beyond simple outdoor roomtones, often incorporating sounds of fauna, insects, local culture, and delicate flavorful sonic indications of time and location.
    They, however, always stay low-profile and never presents intrusive noise that would interfere unless specified as a marker.

    Dress the Silence

    In addition to being a great filler for urban and suburban scenes, this collection will be a great companion when attempting to convey various feelings and moods such as quietude, post-apocalyptic, romanticism, mystery, depression, calmness, poetic, abandonment, nostalgia, freedom,….

    For this volume, we have specifically chosen a diverse mixture of recordings from numerous countries across all continents broadening the palette of sounds delivered. These additions will enrich your main sound library and prove useful for a wide range of future projects.

    All sounds in this library are in stereo. As extensive travels were involved in capturing these sounds, we decided to focus only on stereophonic capture instead of multichannel, making it more manageable throughout our journey. Nonetheless, these atmospheres embody a great sense of space and can be easily layered and spatialized in a surround space if needed.

Antique Clock Mechanism

'Antique Clock Mechanism' by Sonic Bat contains 25 sound files of a disassembled grandfather clock, including multiple chime takes recorded on the front and back of the mechanism itself, alongside handling sounds with a pendulum clanging and simple thuds for Foley details.
 
  • Antique Clock Mechanism contains twenty-five sound files of a disassembled grandfather clock, including multiple chime takes recorded on the front and back of the mechanism itself, alongside handling sounds with a pendulum clanging about and simple thuds for additional foley details.

Electricity Sound Effects Pack

'Electricity Sound Effects Pack' by SwishSwoosh includes 1374+ electric and electromagnetic sound effects, such as electrical burns, electromagnetic fields, plasma balls, radios, weapons, spells, charges, and so on. It is perfect for sci-fi, shooter, horror, RPG, RTS and fantasy games, having everything you need to make your project truly electrifying.
 
  • An incredible collection of sounds that will elevate your projects to the next level! From electric weapons and impacts to subtle and atmospheric sounds, the Electricity Sound Effects Pack has everything you need to make your project truly electrifying. This pack includes sound effects such as electrical burns, electromagnetic fields, plasma balls, radios, weapons, spells, charges, and so on. We’ve spent countless hours crafting unique and mesmerizing sounds that will give your audience a truly immersive experience.

The Foley Vault – Surgical Instruments

'The Foley Vault – Surgical Instruments' by 344 Audio is a library of Foley recordings captured by pro Foley Artists on a Sennheiser MKH50 mic. The sounds were originally performed for a variety of feature and short film projects, and can now be edited and implemented into your own film, game, and television productions.
 
  • The Foley Vault is home to an ever-growing collection of original Foley recordings.

    Each library was captured by professional Foley Artists on our in-house Foley Stage using a Sennheiser MKH50 microphone.

    These sounds were originally performed for a variety of feature and short film projects. They have now been compiled and released for you to edit and implement into your own film, game and television productions.

MASTERGUN – Benelli M4

'MASTERGUN – Benelli M4' by Aftertouch Audio is a collection of 10 single shots and 9 suppressed single shots of the Benelli M4 shotgun, captured from 20 perspectives at 192kHz. It is a deep collection of Foley recordings, such as weapon grabs, bolt releases, chamber checks, dry fire, and full pumping.
 
MASTERGUN – SVD Tiger Dragunov

'MASTERGUN – SVD Tiger Dragunov' by Aftertouch Audio has single shots and Foley recordings of the SVD Tiger Dragunov sniper rifle from 20 perspectives, from close-up to distant, and includes game-ready mixes to allow you to create the perfect shot for your project.
 
Archery Bows & Arrows – Medieval Fantasy RPG Weapons

'Archery Bows & Arrows – Medieval Fantasy RPG Weapons' by Fusehive.com includes 225 audio files of weapons, impacts, armor and clothing Foley, and medieval magic SFX. You will hear sounds of metal and wooden shields, bows and arrows, fireball thrower, weapons handling and more, impacts on a variety of surfaces, and much more.
 
  • Whether your project requires authentic weapons such as metal and wooden SHIELDS, bows and ARROWS, FIREBALL THROWER, weapons HANDLING and more; IMPACT SOUNDS on a variety of surfaces including METAL, WOOD, ROCK, FLESH, ARMOUR and CLOTHING; or extensive ARMOUR and CLOTHING FOLEY SOUNDS, + numerous Medieval MAGIC SFX, you’ll have everything you could possible need with this expansive collection of 225 audio files (75 original sounds) that includes all in High Definition, Standard Definition WAV and Highest Quality MP3 formats!

    STUNNING RESULTS IN SECONDS

    We understand the time pressures creators can often be placed under. That’s why our expert team of sound designers has constructed each and every audio file to be of the highest quality, with expert mixing and mastering, so all you have to do is drag and drop. Meticulous file labeling and detailed keyword use means you can spend less time searching, and more time creating your epic swashbuckling fantasy or grand historical epic.

     


    Don’t miss out on what this high-quality library of fantasy/medieval sounds out there!

    BUY NOW!


    Would you like to have this product + even more arrows, swords, knives, axes and all other blades, all siege engines, fantasy magic, and all that under a big discount??!!

     

    GET OUR MOST COMPLETE MEDIEVAL/FANTASY WEAPONS LIBRARY NOW.

Swords, Knives & Daggers – Medieval Fantasy RPG Weapons

'Swords, Knives & Daggers – Medieval Fantasy RPG Weapons' by Fusehive.com has 225 audio files of medieval weapons, impact sounds, and armor and clothing Foley sounds. Great for swashbuckling fantasy or historical epics featuring one- and two-handed swords, knives and daggers, axes, shields, impact, handling, and more!
 
  • Whether your project requires authentic weapons such as ONE-HANDED and TWO-HANDED SWORDS, KNIVES and DAGGERS, AXES, SHIELDS, weapons HANDLING and more; IMPACT SOUNDS on a variety of surfaces including even FLESH, ARMOUR and CLOTHING; you’ll have everything you could possible need with this expansive collection of 225 audio files (75 original sounds) that includes all in High Definition, Standard Definition WAV and Highest Quality MP3 formats!

    STUNNING RESULTS IN SECONDS

    We understand the time pressures creators can often be placed under. That’s why our expert team of sound designers has constructed each and every audio file to be of the highest quality, with expert mixing and mastering, so all you have to do is drag and drop. Meticulous file labeling and detailed keyword use means you can spend less time searching, and more time creating your epic swashbuckling fantasy or grand historical epic.

     


    Don’t miss out on what this high-quality library of fantasy/medieval sounds out there!

    BUY NOW!


     

    Would you like to have this product + even more arrows, swords, knives, axes and all other blades, all siege engines, fantasy magic, and all that under a big discount??!!

    GET OUR MOST COMPLETE MEDIEVAL/FANTASY WEAPONS LIBRARY NOW.

MASTERGUN – The Fix

'MASTERGUN – The Fix' by Aftertouch Audio gets you 10 single shots and 10 suppressed single shots of this sniper rifle recorded on a hilltop in the Las Vegas Desert so you have the driest possible sound. It includes a variety of microphone positions, mechanical Foley.
 
MASTERGUN – AKS-74U

'MASTERGUN – AKS-74U' by Aftertouch Audio features an AKS-74U assault rifle with single shots, mechanical sounds, and more! And if you are looking to equip your project with a wide range of guns, you can create your own bundles! Simply add libraries to your cart and the discount will automatically be applied.
 
Trebuchet, Catapult & Siege Engines – Medieval Fantasy RPG Weapons

'Trebuchet, Catapult & Siege Engines – Medieval Fantasy RPG Weapons' by Fusehive.com features siege weapons, such as battering rams, catapults, trebuchets, and siege towers. It includes loading, handling noises, shooting, and impact sounds, as well as multiple intensity mixes, looping versions, various speeds, and different file formats.
 
  • Discover entire sets of sound effects that will bring your BATTERING RAM, CATAPULT, TREBUCHET, SIEGE TOWER and ENGINES MOVEMENT to life. As always in our libraries, included are all action sounds you’ll ever need, such as LOADING, HANDLING NOISES, SHOOTING and walls/castles/bunkers/fortified gates HIT IMPACT sounds, multiple intensity mixes, looping versions, various speeds, and more. This expansive collection of 225 audio files (75 original sounds) also includes all in High Definition, Standard Definition WAV and Highest Quality MP3 formats!

    STUNNING RESULTS IN SECONDS

    We understand the time pressures creators can often be placed under. That’s why our expert team of sound designers has constructed each and every audio file to be of the highest quality, with expert mixing and mastering, so all you have to do is drag and drop. Meticulous file labeling and detailed keyword use means you can spend less time searching, and more time creating your epic swashbuckling fantasy or grand historical epic.

     


    Don’t miss out on what this high-quality library of fantasy/medieval sounds out there!

    BUY NOW!


    Would you like to have this product + even more arrows, swords, knives, axes and all other blades, all siege engines, fantasy magic, and all that under a big discount??!!

    GET OUR MOST COMPLETE MEDIEVAL/FANTASY WEAPONS LIBRARY NOW.

Combat Hits – Hand To Hand Fighting SFX

Experience the true heartbeat of combat with 'Combat Hits – Hand To Hand Fighting SFX' by Epic Stock Media It includes 335 hand-to-hand combat sounds, such as punches, kicks, slaps, whooshes, and bone-breaking impacts. The sounds are optimized for games and other multimedia projects, and they are royalty-free and ready to be used out of the box.
 
  • Experience the true heartbeat of combat with “Combat Hits – Hand To Hand Fighting SFX.” This thoughtfully curated sound effects library transforms your game’s combat sequences into pulse-pounding experiences, immersing players in the visceral intensity of every jab, smack, and bone-crushing impact. Explore an expansive array of hand-to-hand combat sounds, including punches, kicks, slaps, whooshes and more, all captured in exquisite detail. This comprehensive collection also features subtle nuances like cloth rustles and airy swings, giving you all the layers, textures & elements needed to elevate your audio design.

    • 335 files / 47 glued files
    • 332 MB of meticulously crafted game audio assets
    • Formats: 96k 24bit .wav, Glued, 44.1k & 96k .wav
    • Over 9 minutes of captivating audio
    17 %
    OFF
Badminton Match Vol. 1

'Badminton Match Vol. 1' by 344 Audio features sounds of a badminton singles match recorded in a gymnasium court. The sounds include footwork, stomps, player grunts, breaths and shouts, racket thwacks and hits, shuttlecock lands, and more. The sounds are delivered in 24-bit / 96kHz format and have been meticulously edited and tagged for ease of use.
 
  • Sports Sound Effects Badminton Match Vol. 1 Play Track 40 sounds included, 1 mins total $28

    Badminton Match Vol. 1 features sounds of a badminton singles match recorded in a gymnasium court.

    Our Audio Craftsman captured informal badminton gameplay from different perspectives to create a realistic courtside effect. Footwork, stomps, player grunts, breaths and shouts, racket thwacks and hits, shuttlecock lands and more comprise an authentic badminton soundscape.

    Use these sounds to enhance realism and immersivity in projects featuring badminton or other racket sports.

    All sounds are delivered in 24Bit 96kHz format allowing further sonic manipulation and have been meticulously edited and tagged with extensive UCS compliant metadata for ease of use.

Automobilwerk Eisenach Wartburg 353 1966 compact car

'Automobilwerk Eisenach Wartburg 353 1966 compact car' by Krampfstadt Studio has sounds of driving, interior and exterior Foley, plus mechanical and electrical sounds. It was recorded in 32bit / 192 kHz with RØDE NTG1, Shure KSM 137, FEL Clippy XLR EM272 and SO.3 mics, Sound Devices MixPre-6 II & Zoom F3 recorders.
 
  • All files are recorded 32bit, 192 kHz, with RØDE NTG1, Shure KSM 137, FEL Clippy XLR EM272 and Sonorous Objects SO.3 microphones, Sound Devices MixPre-6 II & Zoom F3 recorders. Library contains wav files of driving, interior and exterior foley, mechanical and electrical sounds. It is also available in UCS.

    Recording Automobilwerk Eisenach Wartburg 353 compact car
 

Please share this:


 



 
 
THE WORLD’S EASIEST WAY TO GET INDEPENDENT SOUND EFFECTS:
 
A Sound Effect gives you easy access to an absolutely huge sound effects catalog from a myriad of independent sound creators, all covered by one license agreement - a few highlights:

  • ⏰ For a very limited time:
    Add this library to the cart and enter ah4launch in the cart coupon field – to sprinkle an extra launch discount, on top of the current discount!

    Animal Hyperrealism Vol IV is a sound library containing animal vocalisations, from real to designed creatures totaling more than 2000 individual sounds in 294 files. The sounds were recorded in zoos, and wildlife centers.

    The asset list includes but is not limited to: hippos, hyenas, vultures, dwarf mongooses, elephants, African cranes, parrots, tigers, pigmy hippos, rhea ostriches, brown bears, pheasants, wildebeests, African wild dogs and many more. The content has been recorded at 192KHz with a Sanken CO100K, an Avisoft CMPA and a Sennheiser 8050 for center plus two Sennheiser MKH8040 for stereo image.

    The resulting ultrasonic spectrum is rich and allows for truly extreme manipulation of the content.

    15 %
    OFF
  • FOUR ELEMENTS - Rock The Speakerbox Professional SFX

    Master the Art of Bending the Elemental Forces

     

    Unleash the raw power of fire, water, earth, and air with this comprehensive 9 GB sound library featuring 3050 high-quality sound effects across 630 files. Whether you’re designing cinematic soundscapes or enhancing video games Four Elements delivers the tools you need to harness the energy of the natural world.

    Construction Kit – 2443 Sounds

    A treasure trove of raw, organic, and processed sounds including seamless loops divided into Fire, Water, Air, Earth and Explosion categories. Customize every detail with an extensive selection of sound components.

    • Organic Fire: Campfire sizzles, torch whooshes, and flame bursts.
    • Processed Fire: Distorted impacts and unique crackles.
    • Organic Earth: Rock crashes, gravel scrapes, and heavy stone hits.
    • Processed Earth: Stylized rumbles and granular textures.
    • Organic Water: Ocean waves, hydrophone bubbles, and fluid splashes.
    • Processed Water: Underwater whooshes and stylized liquid smashes.
    • Organic Air: Bamboo swishes, cloth movements, and pressure bursts.
    • Processed Air: Filtered gusts and dynamic noise sweeps.
    • Explosion: Firework detonations, Butane bursts, and cinematic impacts.

    Building Blocks – 416 Sounds

    Game-ready sound layers featuring Impacts, Whooshes, and Textures as seamless loops. Elevate transitions and enhance atmospheres with loops and pre-designed sound layers.

    • Fire: Explosive bursts, blazing infernos, and warm embers.
    • Earth: Ground-shaking impacts, crumbling terrain, and heavy collisions.
    • Water: Cascading waves, serene rivers, and underwater ambiences.
    • Air: Whispering breezes, stormy turbulence, and slicing gusts.

    Design Kit – 192 Sounds

    A collection of ready-to-use sound effects divided into Attack, Bend, and Explosion categories for quick integration into your projects. Perfect for high-energy scenes and immersive storytelling.

    • Fire: Crackling flames, fiery bursts, and roaring infernos.
    • Earth: Crushing impacts, shifting ground, and massive land eruptions.
    • Water: Splashes, fluid manipulations, and crashing tidal waves.
    • Air: Slicing winds, swirling currents, and thunderous gusts.

     

    Four Elements gives you complete creative control, blending organic recordings with processed sound layers to meet the demands of any project. Master the forces of nature with Four Elements. Let your creativity ignite.

     

    Keywords:

    Elements, Fire, Water, Earth, Air, Wave, Water, Liquid, Rock, Cast, Stone, Pebble, Torch, Gas, Flame, Campfire, Sizzle, Burst, Scrape, Whoosh, Impact, Texture, Attack, Bend, Bending, Explosion, Processed, Surge, Quake, Hit, Flow, Burn, Ignite, Drop, Smack, Destruction, Rumble, Hiss, Blow, Wind, Cloth, Movement, Underwater, Bubble, Ocean, River, Lake, Firework, Firecracker, Bang, Blast, Detonation, Magic, Fantasy, Forces, Fire Magic, Water Magic, Earth Magic, Fire Air, Fire Effect, Fire Whoosh, Water Whoosh, Seamless Loop, Loop, Fire Cast, Water Cast, Earth Cast, Air Cast

  • Metal Sweeteners / Gun Hyper-Realism contains hundreds of metal sounds to enhance your gun fights.

    We recorded tons of different metallic objects like wrenches, cameras, stands, microphones,etc… to create different hits and textures for the Source Material kit, everything was recorded at 192 kHz with the famous Sennheiser MKH 8040/8050 microphones in order to capture all the harmonics up to 50-60 kHz.  Then we layered/edited/pitched, crushed them to create the sounds in the Designed folder.

    The “Source” folder contains 91 files and hundreds individual sounds divided into these categories:
    – Hit
    – Scrape
    – Screw
    – Rattle
    – Mech
    – Click
    – Slide


    The “Designed” folder contains 20 files and many more individual sounds, all created from the “Source Material”:
    – Silenced/Suppressed shots
    – Reload
    – Bullets
    – Mechanics
    – Ejections

    The “Synced” folder contains multiple groups of 8 layers + 3 silencers/suppressor, all sync’ed on some of the most common guns rate of fire :
    – Ak 47
    – M16
    – Uzi
    – MP5
    – M60
    – M4

    All the sounds are 192 kHz / 24 bits, giving you all the process flexibility you need. Most importantly the files are embedded with exhaustive metadata compatible with Soundminer, Basehead, etc…

    This library is perfect to spice up “boring” real life recordings, create a whole new futuristic weapon or just to give that ” Hyper Realistic ” feel to the project you’re working on.

Explore the full, unique collection here

Latest sound effects libraries:
 
  • ⏰ For a very limited time:
    Add this library to the cart and enter ah4launch in the cart coupon field – to sprinkle an extra launch discount, on top of the current discount!

    Animal Hyperrealism Vol IV is a sound library containing animal vocalisations, from real to designed creatures totaling more than 2000 individual sounds in 294 files. The sounds were recorded in zoos, and wildlife centers.

    The asset list includes but is not limited to: hippos, hyenas, vultures, dwarf mongooses, elephants, African cranes, parrots, tigers, pigmy hippos, rhea ostriches, brown bears, pheasants, wildebeests, African wild dogs and many more. The content has been recorded at 192KHz with a Sanken CO100K, an Avisoft CMPA and a Sennheiser 8050 for center plus two Sennheiser MKH8040 for stereo image.

    The resulting ultrasonic spectrum is rich and allows for truly extreme manipulation of the content.

    15 %
    OFF
  • Weather Sound Effects Hyper Thunder Play Track 800+ sounds included $49.50

    Hyper Thunder is a colossal collection of thunder and lightning, 100% crafted from the ground up using innovative synthesized technics and props recordings. Not a single real life thunder recording was used. using synthesis and props manipulation crafted to deliver impact far beyond natural recordings. Built entirely from innovative synthesis and props recordings, this library pushes the boundaries of weather sound design—perfect for when you need the raw energy of a storm dialed up to cinematic extremes.

    Featuring over 800 files, Hyper Thunder spans everything from subtle distant rumbles and rolling thunder to razor-sharp lightning strikes and earth-shaking impacts. With both designed hits and source layers, you have full control—drop in ready-to-use power or sculpt your own stormscapes using the source recordings.

    Created in collaboration with Bruits.Studio’s Vincent Fliniaux and Tibo Csuko—longtime SoundMorph contributors to acclaimed libraries like Robotic Lifeforms 2 and WATER— Hyper Thunder blends technical mastery with bold creativity.

    Key Features

    • 800+ files of synthesized thunder and lightning
    • Both designed hits and source layers for full creative control
    • Covers subtle distant rumbles through to massive cinematic impacts
    • Crafted 100% from synthesis for a unique, larger-than-life sound
    • Perfect for film, games, trailers, and any project needing storm power
    • Created in collaboration with Bruits.Studio’s Vincent Fliniaux and Tibo Csuko (Robotic Lifeforms 2, WATER)

    From atmospheric detail to explosive drama, Hyper Thunder gives you thunder and lightning that are bigger, subtler, and more versatile than nature itself.

    50 %
    OFF
  • Animal Sound Effects Horses Vol. 3 Play Track 150 sounds included, 54 mins total $25

    Capture every detail of the equine world with this massive library. Features gallops on every terrain, vocalizations from gentle breaths to terrified screams, and intricate harness and carriage sounds. Perfect for film, documentaries, and game audio requiring authentic horse SFX.

    Horses Vol 3 is the definitive sound effects library for anyone needing high-quality, realistic horse sounds. This extensive collection of 150 files provides an unparalleled range of equine audio, covering locomotion, vocals, and historical contexts. Find everything from the subtle sounds of a single horse grazing and breathing to the overwhelming power of a full herd stampede. Specific highlights include gallops on dirt, grass, and sand; close-up vocalizations like whinnies, snorts, and panicked squeals; detailed Foley of horses milling and trotting; and immersive recordings of horse-drawn carriages and sleighs with harness rattles and hoof clops on cobblestones. Whether you’re scoring a western, a historical drama, a fantasy battle, or a documentary, this volume offers the perfect sound to bring your project to life.

    50 %
    OFF
  • A MEGA PACK of 450 handcrafted sound effects designed to take your projects beyond the ordinary. From sci-fi risers that stretch tension, to haunting horror stings, angelic swells, and mechanical whooshes that shake the air — every effect is built to elevate emotion and amplify impact. Inside the Mega Pack: 450 epic SFX – risers, stingers, drones, atmospheres & more. A rich blend of dark, magical, futuristic, and orchestral textures. Ideal for film trailers, video games, streaming, and immersive content. Sounds that add depth, drama, and cinematic scale instantly. Step into the world of sound that moves stories. Don’t just tell your story — let your audience feel every moment.

    49 %
    OFF
  • Ambisonic Sound Effects Sirens Vol. 3 Play Track 100 sounds included, 41 mins total $25

    Need to add urgency? Our siren library has you covered. Featuring police wails, ambulance highs/lows, historic air raid sirens, and epic sci-fi alerts. Ideal for action sequences, documentaries, and creating instant tension. Make some noise!

    Turn up the tension with Sirens Vol 3 – your ultimate toolbox for audio emergencies. This isn’t your average siren library. We’ve packed 100 authentic sounds with everything you need to create heart-pounding moments.
    What’s inside?

    • The Classics: Get all the essential wails, yelps, and high-lows from real police cars, ambulances, and fire trucks.

    • Global & Vintage Vibes: Spice things up with distinct European signals and epic vintage WWII air raid sirens for that historical feel.

    • Next-Level Realism: It’s not just about the sound, it’s about the scene. Choose from close-up blasts, dynamic pass-bys (with that cool Doppler effect), and distant city ambiance blends.

    • The Unique Stuff: Go beyond the ordinary with glitchy malfunctioning sirens, old-school hand-cranked sounds, electronic whoops, and a killer selection of sci-fi and fantasy alarms for your game or film.

    Perfect for building: cinematic car chases, gritty urban environments, intense disaster scenes, and any project that needs a serious shot of adrenaline.

    Stop searching and start creating. Find your perfect siren sound right here.

    50 %
    OFF

   

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

HTML tags are not allowed.